9+ Easy Ways: How to Call Korea From US Now!


9+ Easy Ways: How to Call Korea From US Now!

The process of initiating a phone call from the United States to South Korea involves understanding specific dialing codes and procedures. Successfully connecting a call requires knowledge of the exit code for the U.S., the country code for South Korea, and the relevant area code within the destination region. An example would involve dialing 011 (U.S. exit code), followed by 82 (South Korea country code), then the area code (e.g., 02 for Seoul), and finally the local phone number.

Facilitating communication across geographical boundaries is essential for international business, maintaining personal relationships, and supporting global collaboration. The ability to communicate directly fosters stronger ties and enables real-time interaction, bypassing potential delays associated with written correspondence. Historically, direct international calls were more complex and expensive, but advancements in telecommunications infrastructure and technology have made the process more accessible and affordable.

The following information details the necessary steps for making a successful telephone connection, explores the available options for placing such a call, considers potential cost implications, and outlines alternative communication methods available for connecting with individuals or entities located in South Korea.

1. Exit code initiation

The initiation of an international telephone call from the United States invariably begins with the exit code. This numerical prefix serves as a signal to the U.S. telecommunications network, instructing it to route the call outside of domestic boundaries. Without the correct exit code, the connection to South Korea will not be established.

  • Standard Exit Code

    The standard exit code for international calls originating from the United States is 011. This code is universally recognized by U.S. telecommunication providers and is required before dialing any other international digits. For instance, when calling South Korea, the sequence begins with 011, followed by the country code and destination number. Failure to input the 011 prefix will result in a failed call attempt or incorrect routing.

  • Mobile Originated Calls

    Calls originating from mobile phones within the United States also require the 011 exit code, regardless of the caller’s service provider. Although some mobile devices may automatically recognize and process international calls without explicitly dialing the exit code, explicitly including it ensures proper routing and avoids potential connection errors. Mobile carriers handle the interpretation and routing according to established international telecommunication protocols.

  • Alternative Exit Codes (Rare Cases)

    While 011 is the standard and almost universally used exit code, specific telecommunication service providers, or older landline systems, might occasionally require a different exit code. However, this is a rare occurrence in contemporary telecommunications infrastructure. Relying on the 011 exit code provides the highest likelihood of a successful call connection.

  • Impact on Call Completion

    The exit code is the first, and arguably one of the most critical, components of the dialing sequence for calling South Korea. It informs the U.S. telecommunications network that the call is destined for an international location. Without it, the subsequent country code and phone number are meaningless. Its inclusion ensures that the call is correctly directed to the international gateway for proper routing and termination in South Korea.

In summary, the correct initiation sequence, beginning with the 011 exit code, is a fundamental requirement for establishing a connection with a phone number in South Korea. The exit code signals to the United States telecommunications infrastructure the need to route the call internationally, allowing for the subsequent dialing of the country code and the specific phone number within South Korea. Any deviation from this standard will typically result in a failed connection.

2. Korea’s Country code

The country code serves as an integral element in the dialing sequence for any telephone call originating outside of South Korea. Its inclusion ensures that the call is correctly routed to the South Korean telecommunications network, enabling a connection with the intended recipient. Without the accurate country code, calls will not be successfully connected to South Korea.

  • Purpose and Functionality

    The country code for South Korea is 82. Its primary function is to identify South Korea as the destination country for an outgoing international call. When dialing from the United States, the exit code (011) must be followed by the country code (82) to direct the call appropriately. The absence of this code will result in misdirection or call failure. This code signals to international telecommunication networks to route the call towards South Korea.

  • Integration with Area Codes

    After dialing the country code (82), the appropriate area code within South Korea must be entered. Seoul, for example, has an area code of 02. These area codes specify the geographical region within South Korea to which the call should be directed. The combination of the country code and area code narrows down the destination, ensuring the call reaches the correct local network. It is crucial to omit the leading ‘0’ from the area code when dialing internationally, as it is only used for domestic calls within South Korea.

  • Impact on Mobile Calls

    The inclusion of the country code (82) is essential regardless of whether the call is being placed to a landline or a mobile phone in South Korea. Mobile phone numbers in South Korea typically begin with the prefix 010. When calling a South Korean mobile number from the United States, the sequence would be 011 (exit code), 82 (country code), 10 (mobile prefix), followed by the remaining digits of the mobile number. Skipping the country code will prevent the connection from being established.

  • Variations in Dialing Protocols

    While the fundamental principles of dialing remain consistent, slight variations may exist depending on the specific telecommunications provider or calling service being used. Certain Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services, for example, may automatically append the necessary exit code or country code, simplifying the dialing process. However, it is always advisable to explicitly include both the exit code and the country code to ensure compatibility and avoid potential errors, especially if using a traditional landline or mobile phone.

The country code represents a non-negotiable component of calling South Korean telephone numbers from abroad. It is a bridge connecting different global telephone systems and directing calls to the intended nation. Whether dialing from a landline, mobile phone, or VoIP service, adherence to the correct dialing sequence, including the 82 country code, guarantees successful communication with individuals and entities located within South Korea.

3. Area code selection

Accurate selection of the area code is a critical step in establishing a successful telephone connection to South Korea from the United States. This selection specifies the geographical region within South Korea, ensuring the call is routed to the correct local network. Without the proper area code, the call will either fail to connect or reach an unintended recipient.

  • Geographic Specificity

    Area codes in South Korea correspond to distinct geographic regions or major cities. For example, Seoul’s area code is 02, while Busan’s is 051. Understanding the location of the party being called is essential for selecting the correct area code. Dialing an incorrect area code will result in a misdirected call, regardless of the accuracy of other dialed digits. The area code directs the call to the appropriate regional telecommunications infrastructure within South Korea.

  • Omitting the Leading Zero

    When dialing South Korean phone numbers internationally, the leading zero of the area code must be omitted. For instance, when calling Seoul, instead of dialing 011-82-02, the correct sequence is 011-82-2. The leading zero is only used for domestic calls within South Korea. Including the zero in an international call can cause routing errors or prevent the call from connecting altogether. Many international telecommunication systems are configured to ignore or misinterpret this leading digit.

  • Impact on Call Routing

    The selected area code directly influences the routing of the telephone call within South Korea. After the call enters the South Korean telecommunications network, the area code directs the signal to the appropriate local exchange responsible for the intended region. This routing process is essential for ensuring that the call reaches the correct recipient. Erroneous area code selection effectively reroutes the call to a different area of the country, leading to a failed connection attempt.

  • Verifying Area Codes

    Prior to placing a call, verifying the correct area code for the intended recipient is advisable. Official directories, online search engines, and contact information provided by the individual or organization being called can serve as reliable sources. Confirming the area code minimizes the risk of misdialing and ensures efficient call routing. Utilizing up-to-date and accurate information is crucial for establishing clear communication links.

In conclusion, the precise selection and application of South Korean area codes are fundamental to the successful establishment of an international call from the United States. Attention to geographic specificity, proper dialing conventions (omitting the leading zero), and verification of the correct code are essential for efficient and accurate call routing within South Korea. These factors collectively contribute to the ability to effectively engage in international telecommunications.

4. Local number dialing

The accurate dialing of the local number within South Korea constitutes the final and essential step in completing an international call originating from the United States. Following the correct exit code, country code, and area code, the local number connects the caller to the specific individual or entity intended. This step is as crucial as the preceding ones, as an error here invalidates all prior correct inputs.

  • Uniqueness within Area Code

    The local number is a unique identifier within a specific area code in South Korea. It differentiates one telephone line from all others within that geographical region. Its structure is determined by the South Korean telecommunications authority and adheres to a standardized format. The correct sequence of digits is paramount for reaching the intended recipient. Dialing the wrong digits results in either a misdirected call or a failure to connect.

  • Verification and Accuracy

    Prior to initiating the call, verifying the accuracy of the local number is essential. Official documentation, business cards, or direct confirmation from the intended recipient represent reliable sources of this information. Even a single incorrect digit can lead to a failed or misdirected connection. Double-checking the local number minimizes the risk of errors and ensures efficient communication. Inaccurate numbers lead to unproductive attempts.

  • Impact of Number Changes

    Local numbers in South Korea, as in any country, may change over time due to various reasons, including service provider updates or relocation of the subscriber. Utilizing outdated or incorrect numbers will inevitably result in a failed connection. Regularly updating contact information is crucial, particularly for frequently contacted individuals or organizations. Periodically confirming the number mitigates the risk of using obsolete data.

  • Integration with Call Routing Systems

    The local number acts as the final component in the South Korean telecommunications network’s routing process. After the call is directed to the correct area code, the local number instructs the exchange to establish a connection to the specific telephone line. This process is automated and relies on the precision of the dialed digits. Any discrepancy in the local number disrupts this automated process, preventing successful call completion. The entire sequence, from the exit code to the local number, must be exact for the connection to occur.

In summary, the precise dialing of the local number forms the definitive stage in the process of calling South Korea from the United States. Its role is indispensable, representing the final link in the chain of international telecommunications. While the preceding steps set the stage for connection, the local number ultimately determines whether that connection is realized, rendering its accuracy paramount for effective communication.

5. Time zone differences

Successfully initiating a telephone call to South Korea from the United States necessitates careful consideration of the substantial time zone differences. These differences directly impact the appropriateness of the calling time, influencing the likelihood of reaching the intended recipient during their working hours or waking hours. Overlooking this factor can result in failed connections or inconvenient disruptions.

  • Standard Time Differences

    South Korea operates on Korean Standard Time (KST), which is Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) plus nine hours (GMT+9). The continental United States spans multiple time zones, including Eastern Standard Time (EST), Central Standard Time (CST), Mountain Standard Time (MST), and Pacific Standard Time (PST). Consequently, the time difference between the U.S. and South Korea varies depending on the U.S. location. For instance, during EST, South Korea is 14 hours ahead. Accurate determination of this difference is essential for scheduling calls effectively.

  • Daylight Saving Time Impact

    The observance of Daylight Saving Time (DST) in the United States further complicates the calculation. When DST is in effect, the time difference is reduced by one hour. For example, if EST is observing DST, the time difference between New York and Seoul reduces from 14 hours to 13 hours. Failing to account for DST can lead to a miscalculation of the appropriate calling time. South Korea does not observe daylight savings time.

  • Best Practices for Scheduling Calls

    To optimize the chances of reaching the intended recipient in South Korea, calls should be scheduled during South Korean business hours, typically 9:00 AM to 6:00 PM KST. This corresponds to specific time windows in the United States, varying by time zone and DST observance. For example, a 9:00 AM KST start time is 8:00 PM EST the previous day without DST, or 7:00 PM EST with DST. Careful planning, using time zone converter tools, is therefore advised.

  • Potential Inconveniences and Etiquette

    Placing a call to South Korea at an inappropriate hour, such as during their sleeping hours, is considered a breach of etiquette and can be disruptive. Conversely, scheduling a call during U.S. nighttime hours might inconvenience the caller. Awareness of these potential disruptions facilitates respectful communication. Considerate scheduling demonstrates cultural sensitivity and professional courtesy.

The accurate assessment and management of time zone differences stand as a critical component in achieving successful communication from the U.S. to South Korea. Strategic scheduling, informed by precise time zone calculations and an understanding of South Korean work culture, enhances the likelihood of establishing productive and courteous connections, ultimately facilitating smoother international interactions and professional relationships.

6. Calling card options

The deployment of calling cards presents an alternative method for initiating telephone calls from the United States to South Korea. These cards, pre-loaded with a specific monetary value, offer a mechanism for managing and potentially reducing the costs associated with international calls. Their use necessitates an understanding of access numbers, PIN codes, and usage rates.

  • Access Number and PIN Authentication

    Calling cards typically require the user to dial a toll-free access number, followed by the entry of a Personal Identification Number (PIN) to authenticate the card and unlock its pre-paid value. This added layer of authentication can introduce a slight delay to the call initiation process. The access number must be within the caller’s local calling area to avoid additional charges. Failure to correctly enter the PIN code will prevent the call from proceeding. This system reduces the potential for unauthorized usage of the card’s value.

  • Variable Rate Structures

    Calling card rates for calls to South Korea can vary significantly based on the provider, the time of day, and the specific region within South Korea being called. Some cards may offer lower rates to landlines and higher rates to mobile phones. It is imperative to carefully examine the rate structure before purchasing a card to ensure it aligns with the intended usage. Hidden fees or surcharges can erode the card’s value more quickly than anticipated. Comparative analysis across different card providers is advised.

  • Connectivity and Network Quality

    The quality of the connection established through a calling card can be influenced by the infrastructure and network routing utilized by the card provider. Sub-par networks may result in dropped calls, audio distortion, or delays in transmission. Evaluating user reviews or conducting trial calls can provide insight into the potential call quality. More reputable providers typically invest in robust networks to ensure reliable communication.

  • Card Expiration and Residual Value

    Calling cards often have an expiration date, after which any remaining value is forfeited. It is crucial to monitor the card’s usage and ensure that the value is depleted before the expiration date. Some cards may offer mechanisms for transferring the residual value to a new card or account, but this is not universally available. Awareness of the expiration policy mitigates the risk of losing unused credit.

The efficacy of employing calling card options as a strategy for telephone communication with South Korea hinges on a comprehensive understanding of their specific terms, rate structures, and potential limitations. Careful consideration of these factors contributes to informed decision-making and optimized cost management for international calling needs.

7. VoIP service usability

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) service usability directly influences the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of initiating calls from the United States to South Korea. The accessibility and ease of use inherent in VoIP services determine the practicality for individuals and organizations seeking to communicate internationally. Poor usability can lead to connection failures, increased costs due to wasted time, and overall frustration, negating potential benefits. For example, a poorly designed VoIP application with a complicated interface can deter users from making international calls, even if the per-minute rate is competitive. This usability becomes a significant factor in “how to call korea from us” successfully.

Usability considerations extend beyond the initial setup and call placement. The clarity of audio, the stability of the connection, and the availability of customer support contribute significantly to the overall experience. Services offering clear instructions, intuitive interfaces, and robust troubleshooting resources enhance the user’s ability to manage calls effectively. Consider a scenario where a business relies on VoIP to conduct meetings with Korean partners. A service interruption or consistent audio issues could disrupt these meetings, damaging business relationships and hindering productivity. These tangible consequences highlight the importance of prioritizing VoIP services with proven usability.

In conclusion, VoIP service usability constitutes a pivotal component of successful international communication from the U.S. to South Korea. Challenges in navigating setup, maintaining connection stability, or accessing support can directly impede effective communication. Prioritizing VoIP services that prioritize usability is essential for realizing the potential benefits of cost-effective and reliable international calls and ensuring adherence to best practices for “how to call korea from us”.

8. Mobile provider plans

Mobile provider plans are a central consideration in the process of initiating a phone call to South Korea from the United States. The specifics of a mobile plan significantly influence the cost, convenience, and overall feasibility of international communication. A thorough understanding of available options is essential for effectively connecting with individuals in South Korea.

  • International Calling Add-ons

    Many mobile providers offer specific add-on packages designed for international calling. These packages typically provide reduced per-minute rates for calls to specific countries, including South Korea. For example, a plan might offer 100 minutes of calling to South Korea for a fixed monthly fee. The cost-effectiveness of these add-ons depends on the frequency and duration of international calls. Individuals who frequently call South Korea will likely benefit from such an add-on, while infrequent callers may find it more economical to pay standard per-minute rates.

  • Standard Per-Minute Rates

    Mobile plans often include a standard per-minute rate for international calls made without an add-on package. These rates can vary widely between providers and can be significantly higher than domestic calling rates. For example, a standard per-minute rate for calls to South Korea might range from $0.50 to $3.00. This cost can quickly accumulate, making it an expensive option for prolonged conversations. Individuals should consult their mobile provider’s rate chart to determine the specific per-minute cost before placing an international call. The ease of using a mobile phone for the call versus the high cost often influences the decision of “how to call korea from us”.

  • Roaming Charges and International SIMs

    Mobile provider plans also dictate costs associated with roaming charges if a user calls from South Korea. If a US-based user travels to South Korea, using their regular mobile plan may incur significant daily or per-minute roaming charges. Purchasing an international SIM card, either before travel or upon arrival in South Korea, can offer a more cost-effective solution. These SIM cards provide local South Korean phone numbers and data plans, avoiding the high costs associated with international roaming. The choice between roaming and a local SIM depends on the duration of stay and anticipated usage.

  • Wi-Fi Calling and Data Usage

    Modern mobile plans often include the capability of Wi-Fi calling. This allows users to make calls over a Wi-Fi network, bypassing the cellular network and potentially avoiding international calling charges altogether. When connected to Wi-Fi, calls to South Korea may be routed through the internet, incurring only data usage charges. The cost-effectiveness of this option depends on the availability of reliable Wi-Fi connections and the user’s data plan. However, using Wi-Fi calling does not bypass international numbers. The “how to call korea from us” method has been greatly enhanced with Wi-Fi calls.

The influence of mobile provider plans on contacting South Korea underscores the need for informed decision-making. The optimal plan depends on the calling volume, destination (landline vs. mobile), and location of the caller. Comparing various provider plans is critical for identifying the most cost-effective solution and facilitating successful international communication. Ultimately, by integrating mobile plan details into planning and preparation, users can align their needs with their budget to make economical calls to South Korea.

9. Call cost evaluation

Effective call cost evaluation is paramount when determining the most suitable methodology for initiating a phone call to South Korea from the United States. A detailed analysis of all potential expenses assists in selecting the most economical means of communication, preventing unforeseen financial burdens.

  • Service Provider Comparison

    The per-minute rates for international calls to South Korea vary significantly among service providers. Traditional landline carriers, mobile network operators, and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services each offer distinct pricing structures. A comprehensive comparison of these rates, taking into account potential connection fees and surcharges, enables a well-informed decision. For instance, a VoIP service may advertise a low per-minute rate but impose additional monthly fees or data usage charges, rendering it less cost-effective than a mobile plan with a slightly higher per-minute rate but no additional fees. The best option depends on usage patterns and frequency of calling. This comparison is an important aspect of the keyword term of our article.

  • Time-of-Day Considerations

    Certain calling plans and services offer differential rates depending on the time of day the call is placed. Off-peak hours, such as evenings or weekends in the United States, may present lower per-minute charges. A strategic approach to scheduling calls based on these rate variations can result in substantial cost savings. In contrast, placing calls during peak business hours may incur significantly higher expenses. Examining rate charts and understanding the time zone differences between the U.S. and South Korea is essential to optimizing the timing of calls and minimizing their cost. The most simple way of how to call korea from us is to find the cheapest plan.

  • Bundled Packages and Subscription Services

    Many telecommunication providers offer bundled packages or subscription services that include discounted international calling rates to specific countries, including South Korea. These packages may provide a fixed number of minutes per month for a set fee, or offer reduced per-minute rates. Evaluating the cost of these bundles relative to the projected call volume can determine whether they represent a cost-effective solution. Analyzing call history and forecasting future communication needs is necessary to assess the potential value of these subscription services.

  • Hidden Fees and Surcharges

    Beyond the advertised per-minute rates, it is critical to scrutinize potential hidden fees and surcharges associated with international calls. These may include connection fees, termination fees, regulatory recovery fees, or charges for directory assistance. Such fees can significantly inflate the overall cost of a call, rendering an initially attractive rate less appealing. A thorough review of the terms and conditions of the calling plan or service is essential to identify and quantify any potential hidden expenses and to make sure how to call korea from us would not exceed your budget.

The confluence of these factors underscores the importance of meticulous call cost evaluation as an integral part of any strategy for communicating with South Korea from the United States. Ignoring this aspect can lead to inefficient expenditure and the selection of a suboptimal communication method. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of all potential expenses, individuals and organizations can ensure they are employing the most cost-effective solutions for their international communication needs, aligning perfectly with the aim of discovering “how to call korea from us” without overspending.

Frequently Asked Questions

This section addresses common inquiries regarding the process of making telephone calls from the United States to South Korea. These questions aim to clarify specific dialing procedures, cost considerations, and potential troubleshooting steps.

Question 1: What is the correct dialing sequence when calling a South Korean mobile number from the United States?

The correct dialing sequence begins with the U.S. exit code (011), followed by the South Korean country code (82), and then the mobile prefix (10), omitting the leading zero. The remaining digits of the mobile number conclude the sequence. An example: 011-82-10-XXXX-XXXX.

Question 2: What steps should be taken if a call to South Korea does not connect?

Initially, ensure the correct dialing sequence has been entered, including the exit code, country code, area code (omitting the leading zero), and local number. Confirm that the recipient’s phone number is active and valid. If the problem persists, contact the service provider to verify the account status and inquire about potential network issues.

Question 3: Are there specific times of day when calls to South Korea are less expensive?

Certain telecommunication providers offer lower per-minute rates during off-peak hours. These hours typically correspond to evenings and weekends in the United States. Review the terms of the calling plan or service to determine when these reduced rates apply. The time zone difference between the U.S. and South Korea should be considered when scheduling these calls.

Question 4: What is the correct procedure for dialing a landline number in Seoul from the United States?

The correct dialing procedure involves initiating the call with the U.S. exit code (011), followed by the South Korean country code (82), then the Seoul area code (2), omitting the leading zero. The local landline number completes the sequence. As an example: 011-82-2-XXXX-XXXX.

Question 5: What are some potential reasons for receiving a high phone bill after calling South Korea?

High phone bills after calling South Korea may result from exceeding the minutes allocated in an international calling plan, incurring substantial per-minute charges. Failure to account for data roaming fees can also inflate costs. Reviewing the call details and consulting the service provider will clarify the source of the high bill.

Question 6: Is it possible to use a U.S. mobile phone in South Korea without incurring excessive roaming charges?

To mitigate roaming charges, purchasing a local SIM card in South Korea is advisable. This provides a local phone number and data plan, avoiding the high costs associated with international roaming. Utilizing Wi-Fi calling when a reliable internet connection is available is another effective strategy.

The information provided herein serves as a reference for facilitating effective communication with individuals and entities in South Korea. Consistent adherence to the outlined procedures and practices will optimize the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of international calling endeavors.

The next section will explore alternatives to direct telephone calls for connecting with individuals in South Korea, encompassing various digital communication methods.

Essential Tips

This section provides actionable recommendations to optimize the process of initiating phone calls from the United States to South Korea, focusing on efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and clarity.

Tip 1: Verify the South Korean Area Code: Incorrect area codes can lead to call failure. Consult official directories or online resources to ensure the accuracy of the area code for the intended recipient. Seoul’s area code is 02, while Busan’s is 051. Double-checking this detail minimizes misdirection.

Tip 2: Omit the Leading Zero in Area Codes: When dialing internationally, the leading zero of the South Korean area code must be excluded. Dial 011-82-2 for Seoul, not 011-82-02. This adjustment aligns with international dialing protocols.

Tip 3: Leverage VoIP Services for Cost Reduction: Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services often offer significantly lower per-minute rates compared to traditional landline or mobile carriers. Compare multiple providers to identify the most affordable option for frequent international calls.

Tip 4: Utilize Mobile Provider International Add-ons: Many mobile carriers offer international calling add-ons, which can substantially reduce costs. These add-ons typically provide a set number of minutes for a fixed monthly fee, making them ideal for regular communication.

Tip 5: Schedule Calls Strategically Based on Time Zones: Schedule calls during South Korean business hours (9:00 AM to 6:00 PM KST) to increase the likelihood of reaching the intended recipient. This also demonstrates professional courtesy and minimizes potential disruptions.

Tip 6: Scrutinize Calling Card Fees and Expiration Dates: If utilizing calling cards, carefully examine the fine print for hidden fees and expiration dates. These factors can significantly erode the card’s value, rendering it a less economical option.

Tip 7: Use Wi-Fi Calling to Bypass International Charges: Wi-Fi calling allows calls over a Wi-Fi network, potentially bypassing international calling charges. Ensure a stable Wi-Fi connection for optimal call quality and reliability.

These tips, when implemented correctly, facilitate more efficient and cost-effective communication between the United States and South Korea, emphasizing the key considerations involved in establishing a successful connection.

The subsequent section will provide a conclusive summary, reinforcing the core principles and practices essential for seamless international communication.

Conclusion

The preceding examination of the process emphasizes the crucial aspects involved in successfully initiating a phone call to South Korea from the United States. Correctly applying dialing codes, managing time zone differences, and evaluating cost-effective service options represent integral components. Attention to detail in each of these steps directly influences the efficacy and affordability of international communication.

The ability to seamlessly connect across geographical boundaries remains increasingly important in a globalized world. While technology continues to evolve, adherence to fundamental procedures ensures reliable and efficient communication with individuals and entities in South Korea. Consistent application of the outlined principles strengthens international ties and facilitates productive exchange.