Legal capacity, the ability to understand one’s actions and make informed decisions, is fundamental to participating in the legal system. Minors, individuals below the age of majority (typically 18), generally lack this capacity. Consequently, direct legal action by a minor is usually restricted. For instance, a 16-year-old cannot independently file a lawsuit for damages sustained in a car accident.
Protecting vulnerable individuals from exploitation and ensuring that legal proceedings are handled with appropriate maturity are key motivations behind these age-based restrictions. Historically, the common law tradition has recognized the need for adult representation in legal matters involving those deemed incapable of fully grasping the consequences of their actions. This safeguard prevents potentially disadvantageous settlements or mismanaged legal strategies.